TFA: The Hidden “Forever Chemical” in Low-GWP HFO Refrigerants Raises New Environmental Concerns
The global phase-out of ozone-depleting refrigerants such as CFCs and HCFCs under the Montreal Protocol, and the gradual reduction of high-GWP HFCs via the Kigali Amendment, have paved the way for the widespread adoption of fourth-generation refrigerants, namely HFOs (Hydrofluoroolefins). These synthetic refrigerants offer low Global Warming Potential (GWP) and zero ozone depletion potential, making them a favored alternative in various cooling applications.
However, a growing body of research has raised concerns over HFO-1234yf, one of the most widely used HFOs. When released into the atmosphere, it degrades within weeks to form trifluoroacetic acid (TFA). TFA is a persistent PFAS (per- and polyfluoroalkyl substance) that enters the environment via rainfall and accumulates in water sources, soil, plants, fruit, beverages—and even human bloodstreams. TFA is extremely difficult to remove and does not readily break down in nature.
Several countries, including Germany, Belgium, Sweden, and the United States, have reported rapid increases in environmental TFA concentrations. In 2024, the German government proposed labeling TFA as a “suspected reproductive toxin,” urging the European Union to require warning labels on products linked to TFA emissions.
The chemical industry, however, maintains that TFA poses no health threat at current levels, citing industry-funded studies. In contrast, independent scientists and environmental organizations warn that this represents a new wave of the PFAS crisis, with the same persistence and potential health risks.
If regulatory bodies choose to restrict the use of HFOs in response to rising TFA concerns, the HVAC&R industry may face accelerated pressure to transition to natural refrigerants such as CO₂, ammonia, and propane, which do not produce persistent byproducts.
Key Terms
- HFO (Hydrofluoroolefins): Fourth-generation synthetic refrigerants with very low GWP. Despite their environmental profile, some degrade into TFA.
- TFA (Trifluoroacetic Acid): A breakdown product of HFOs, TFA is a persistent chemical found throughout the environment and linked to potential health risks.
- PFAS (Per- and Polyfluoroalkyl Substances): A class of “forever chemicals” known for their resistance to degradation and long-term environmental and health impacts.
